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Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Aug 2021Bone is a highly vascularized organ, providing structural support to the body, and its development, regeneration, and remodeling depend on the microvascular homeostasis.... (Review)
Review
Bone is a highly vascularized organ, providing structural support to the body, and its development, regeneration, and remodeling depend on the microvascular homeostasis. Loss or impairment of vascular function can develop diseases, such as large bone defects, avascular necrosis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and osteopetrosis. In this review, we summarize how vasculature controls bone development and homeostasis in normal and disease cases. A better understanding of this process will facilitate the development of novel disease treatments that promote bone regeneration and remodeling. Specifically, approaches based on tissue engineering components, such as stem cells and growth factors, have demonstrated the capacity to induce bone microvasculature regeneration and mineralization. This knowledge will have relevant clinical implications for the treatment of bone disorders by developing novel pharmaceutical approaches and bone grafts. Finally, the tissue engineering approaches incorporating vascular components may widely be applied to treat other organ diseases by enhancing their regeneration capacity. Impact statement Bone vasculature is imperative in the process of bone development, regeneration, and remodeling. Alterations or disruption of the bone vasculature leads to loss of bone homeostasis and the development of bone diseases. In this study, we review the role of vasculature on bone diseases and how vascular tissue engineering strategies, with a detailed emphasis on the role of stem cells and growth factors, will contribute to bone therapeutics.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Microvessels; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 32940150
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0154 -
Bone Oct 2021Mechanical environment has a crucial role in our organism at the different levels, ranging from cells to tissues and our own organs. This regulatory role is especially... (Review)
Review
Mechanical environment has a crucial role in our organism at the different levels, ranging from cells to tissues and our own organs. This regulatory role is especially relevant for bones, given their importance as load-transmitting elements that allow the movement of our body as well as the protection of vital organs from load impacts. Therefore bone, as living tissue, is continuously adapting its properties, shape and repairing itself, being the mechanical loads one of the main regulatory stimuli that modulate this adaptive behavior. Here we review some key results of bone mechanobiology from computational models, describing the effect that changes associated to the mechanical environment induce in bone response, implant design and scaffold-driven bone regeneration.
Topics: Biophysics; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Prostheses and Implants
PubMed: 34118446
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116032 -
Biomaterials Advances Sep 2022The well-known synergetic interplay between the skeletal and immune systems has changed the design of advanced bone tissue engineering strategies. The immune system is... (Review)
Review
The well-known synergetic interplay between the skeletal and immune systems has changed the design of advanced bone tissue engineering strategies. The immune system is essential during the bone lifetime, with macrophages playing multiple roles in bone healing and biomaterial integration. If in the past, the most valuable aspect of implants was to avoid immune responses of the host, nowadays, it is well-established how important are the crosstalks between immune cells and bone-engineered niches for an efficient regenerative process to occur. For that, it is essential to recapitulate the multiphenotypic cellular environment of bone tissue when designing new approaches. Indeed, the lack of osteoimmunomodulatory knowledge may be the explanation for the poor translation of biomaterials into clinical practice. Thus, smarter hydrogels incorporating immunomodulatory bioactive factors, stem cells, and immune cells are being proposed to develop a new generation of bone tissue engineering strategies. This review highlights the power of immune cells to upgrade the development of innovative engineered strategies, mainly focusing on orthopaedic and dental applications.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Hydrogels; Immunity; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 35933955
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213058 -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 2021Regenerative engineering has pioneered several novel biomaterials to treat critical-sized bone injuries. However, despite significant improvement in synthetic materials... (Review)
Review
Regenerative engineering has pioneered several novel biomaterials to treat critical-sized bone injuries. However, despite significant improvement in synthetic materials research, some limitations still exist. The constraints correlated with the current grafting methods signify a treatment paradigm shift to osteoinductive regenerative engineering approaches. Because of their intrinsic potential, inductive biomaterials may represent alternative approaches to treating critical bone injuries. Osteoinductive scaffolds stimulate stem cell differentiation into the osteoblastic lineage, enhancing bone regeneration. Inductive biomaterials comprise polymers, calcium phosphate ceramics, metals, and graphene family materials. This review will assess the cellular behavior toward properties of inductive materials.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Cell Differentiation; Ceramics; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33906507
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211010436 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Oct 2018Delayed healing and/or non-union occur in approximately 5-10% of the fractures that occur annually in the United States. Segmental bone loss increases the probability of... (Review)
Review
Delayed healing and/or non-union occur in approximately 5-10% of the fractures that occur annually in the United States. Segmental bone loss increases the probability of non-union. Though grafting can be an effective treatment for segmental bone loss, autografting is limited for large defects since a limited amount of bone is available for harvest. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of calcium homeostasis in the body and plays an important role in bone metabolism. Presently PTH is FDA approved for use as an anabolic treatment for osteoporosis. The anabolic effect PTH has on bone has led to research on its use for bone regeneration applications. Numerous studies in animal models have indicated enhanced fracture healing as a result of once daily injections of PTH. Similarly, in a human case study, non-union persisted despite treatment attempts with internal fixation, external fixation, and autograft in combination with BMP-7, until off label use of PTH1-84 was utilized. Use of a biomaterial scaffold to locally deliver PTH to a defect site has also been shown to improve bone formation and healing around dental implants in dogs and drill defects in sheep. Thus, PTH may be used to promote bone regeneration and provide an alternative to autograft and BMP for the treatment of large segmental defects and non-unions. This review briefly summarizes the unmet clinical need for improved bone regeneration techniques and how PTH may help fill that void by both systemically and locally delivered PTH for bone regeneration applications. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2586-2594, 2018.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Fractures, Ununited; Humans; Parathyroid Hormone
PubMed: 29926970
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24075 -
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports Oct 2016Bone has the capacity to regenerate and repair itself. However, this capacity may be impaired or lost depending on the size of the defect or the presence of certain... (Review)
Review
Bone has the capacity to regenerate and repair itself. However, this capacity may be impaired or lost depending on the size of the defect or the presence of certain disease states. In this review, we discuss the key principles underlying bone healing, efforts to characterize bone stem and progenitor cell populations, and the current status of translational and clinical studies in cell-based bone tissue engineering. Though barriers to clinical implementation still exist, the application of stem and progenitor cell populations to bone engineering strategies has the potential to profoundly impact regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Humans; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 27250635
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9665-5 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021In the last few decades, tissue engineering has become one of the most studied medical fields. Even if bone shows self-remodeling properties, in some cases, due to... (Review)
Review
In the last few decades, tissue engineering has become one of the most studied medical fields. Even if bone shows self-remodeling properties, in some cases, due to injuries or anomalies, bone regeneration can be required. In particular, oral bone regeneration is needed in the dentistry field, where the functional restoration of tissues near the tooth represents a limit for many dental implants. In this context, the application of biomaterials and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appears promising for bone regeneration. This review focused on in vivo studies that evaluated bone regeneration using biomaterials with MSCs. Different biocompatible biomaterials were enriched with MSCs from different sources. These constructs showed an enhanced bone regenerative power in in vivo models. However, we discussed also a future perspective in tissue engineering using the MSC secretome, namely the conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles. This new approach has already shown promising results for bone tissue regeneration in experimental models.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Culture Media, Conditioned; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 34063438
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105236 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Jun 2019Mesenchymal progenitor cells reside in all assayed vascularized tissues, and are broadly conceptualized to participate in homeostasis/renewal and repair. The application... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal progenitor cells reside in all assayed vascularized tissues, and are broadly conceptualized to participate in homeostasis/renewal and repair. The application of mesenchymal progenitor cells has been studied for diverse orthopaedic conditions related to skeletal degeneration, regeneration, and tissue fabrication. One common niche for mesenchymal progenitors is the perivascular space, and in both mouse and human tissues, perivascular progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized. Of these "perivascular stem cells" or PSC, pericytes are the most commonly studied cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated the regenerative properties of PSC when applied to bone, including direct osteochondral differentiation, paracrine-induced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis, and immunomodulatory functions. The confluence of these effects have resulted in efficacious bone regeneration across several preclinical models. Yet, key topics of research in perivascular progenitors highlight our lack of knowledge regarding these cell populations. These ongoing areas of study include cellular diversity within the perivascular niche, tissue-specific properties of PSC, and factors that influence PSC-mediated regenerative potential. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1221-1228, 2019.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Bone Regeneration; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Organ Specificity; Pericytes; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 30908717
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24284 -
Australian Dental Journal Jun 2011Periodontics is more associated with debridement of periodontal pockets and not generally thought of as using dental materials in the treatment of patients. However, the... (Review)
Review
Periodontics is more associated with debridement of periodontal pockets and not generally thought of as using dental materials in the treatment of patients. However, the last 30 years have seen the development of materials used in regeneration of the periodontal tissues following periodontal disease, guided tissue regeneration, and the use of these materials in bone regeneration more recently, guided bone regeneration. The materials used include bone grafts and membranes, but also growth factors and cells-based therapies. This review provides an overview of the materials currently used and looks at contemporary research with a view to what may be used in the future. It also looks at the clinical effectiveness of these regenerative therapies with an emphasis on what is available in Australia.
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Bone Regeneration; Bone Substitutes; Bone Transplantation; Dental Materials; Genetic Therapy; Growth Substances; Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; Humans; Membranes, Artificial; Periodontics; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 21564121
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01301.x -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Apr 2011This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing... (Review)
Review
This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing problems, biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering, mesenchymal and foetal stem cells, effects of sex steroids on mesenchymal stem cells, use of platelet-rich plasma for tissue repair, osteogenesis and its molecular markers. A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration by addition of bioactive molecules, are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Fracture Healing; Humans; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 21129153
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01224.x